So then, it does not depend on the person who wants it nor the one who runs, but on God who has mercy.
Parallel translations
- WEB So then it is not of him who wills, nor of him who runs, but of God who has mercy.
- KJV So then it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that sheweth mercy.
- BSB So then, it does not depend on man’s desire or effort, but on God’s mercy.
- NKJV So then it is not of him who wills, nor of him who runs, but of God who shows mercy.
- NLT So it is God who decides to show mercy. We can neither choose it nor work for it.
Scripture taken from the New King James Version®. Copyright © 1982 by Thomas Nelson. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
Scripture quotations taken from the (NASB®) New American Standard Bible®, Copyright © 1960, 1971, 1977, 1995, 2020 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission. All rights reserved. lockman.org
Scripture quotations are taken from the Holy Bible, New Living Translation, copyright © 1996, 2004, 2015 by Tyndale House Foundation. Used by permission of Tyndale House Publishers, Carol Stream, Illinois 60188. All rights reserved.
Quick answer
Salvation depends not on human willing or striving but on God who shows mercy. The decisive factor in our standing before God is his grace, not our effort.
Overview
Paul draws the conclusion from v. 15: the outcome of election rests not on the one who wills or runs but on God who has mercy. Human desire and exertion cannot generate God's saving favor; it flows from his merciful initiative. This humbles all human pride and directs the believer's confidence entirely to God's grace, the same grace supremely displayed in Christ.
Cross-references & the web
Cross-references · 17
- Eph 2:8for by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; it is the gift of God,
- Phil 2:13For it is God who works in you both to will and to work, for his good pleasure.
- Matt 11:25–26At that time, Jesus answered, “I thank you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that you hid these things from the wise and understanding, and revealed them to infants.
- Eph 2:4–5But God, being rich in mercy, for his great love with which he loved us,
- 1 Pet 2:9–10But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for God’s own possession, that you may proclaim the excellence of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light:
- Titus 3:3–5For we were also once foolish, disobedient, deceived, serving various lusts and pleasures, living in malice and envy, hateful, and hating one another.
- Rom 9:11For being not yet born, neither having done anything good or bad, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of him who calls,
- 1 Cor 1:26–31For you see your calling, brothers, that not many are wise according to the flesh, not many mighty, and not many noble;
- Luke 10:21In that same hour Jesus rejoiced in the Holy Spirit, and said, “I thank you, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that you have hidden these things from the wise and understanding, and revealed them to little children. Yes, Father, for so it was well-pleasing in your sight.”
- Jas 1:18Of his own will he gave birth to us by the word of truth, that we should be a kind of first fruits of his creatures.
- Isa 65:1“I am inquired of by those who didn’t ask. I am found by those who didn’t seek me. I said, ‘See me, see me,’ to a nation that was not called by my name.
- 2 Th 2:13–14But we are bound to always give thanks to God for you, brothers loved by the Lord, because God chose you from the beginning for salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief in the truth;
- John 1:12–13But as many as received him, to them he gave the right to become God’s children, to those who believe in his name:
- John 3:8The wind blows where it wants to, and you hear its sound, but don’t know where it comes from and where it is going. So is everyone who is born of the Spirit.”
- Ps 110:3Your people offer themselves willingly in the day of your power, in holy array. Out of the womb of the morning, you have the dew of your youth.
- Gen 27:1–4When Isaac was old, and his eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called Esau his elder son, and said to him, “My son?” He said to him, “Here I am.”
- Gen 27:9–14Go now to the flock, and get me from there two good young goats. I will make them savory food for your father, such as he loves.
Themes, concepts, people & topics
Resources, by level
Commentaries & study tools
Free animated overview and word-study videos for this book.
Sermons and teaching on this passage from across YouTube.
Clear, readable, conservative exposition — the best free place to start on any passage.
Matthew Henry, Barnes, Gill, the Pulpit Commentary, Ellicott, Cambridge, and more — stacked on one page for this exact verse.
The beloved Puritan exposition of this whole book — warm, devotional, and verse by verse (free, CCEL).
Hebrew/Greek interlinear, word definitions, and cross-references for this verse.
Christ at the center
Paul unfolds the gospel in full: Christ our righteousness received by faith, the second Adam in whom many are made righteous, in whose death and resurrection we are buried and raised.
How Romans 9:16 points to him is part of the one story that runs through all Scripture — meet Jesus at the heart of the web, or follow a trail that traces him from Genesis to Revelation.
Original language
Each word below is tagged with its Strong’s number — tap one to see the underlying Greek word, its meaning, and every verse that uses it.
How traditions read this
Is God's choice unconditional, or grounded in foreseen faith?
God's grace is prevenient and necessary, yet human freedom genuinely cooperates; God predestines to glory while rejecting both Pelagianism and double predestination.
Key points · Grace precedes and enables the will; free cooperation; the matter is held as mystery.
Augustine; Thomas Aquinas · Catechism §§600, 1037; Council of Trent, Session 6
Salvation is by grace alone and election is to salvation — but Lutherans refuse to teach election to damnation. The cause of salvation is grace; the cause of loss is human resistance.
Key points · Monergism in salvation; no double predestination; election preached for comfort, not speculation.
Formula of Concord, Art. XI
God elects according to foreknowledge — choosing those he foresees will believe. Romans 9 concerns God's freedom in history and the inclusion of the Gentiles.
Key points · Grace is resistible; "whoever believes" (Rom 10:13); election is corporate and "in Christ."
Jacobus Arminius; John Wesley · The Five Articles of the Remonstrance (1610)
Election is unconditional — "it depends not on human will or exertion, but on God who has mercy." God sovereignly chooses whom to save, for his glory.
Key points · God's mercy is free and particular; the potter has rights over the clay (9:21); salvation is all of grace.
Augustine; John Calvin · Westminster Confession ch. 3; Canons of Dort
Each view is stated as that tradition would put it, with representative sources. Limitless Word presents them side by side and endorses none — see the methodology.